语义分割（CSS）的持续学习是一个快速新兴的领域，其中分割模型的功能通过学习新类或新域而逐渐改善。持续学习中的一个核心挑战是克服灾难性遗忘的影响，这是指在模型对新类或领域进行培训后，准确性突然下降了先前学习的任务。在持续分类中，通常通过重播以前任务中的少量样本来克服这种挑战，但是在CSS中很少考虑重播。因此，我们研究了各种重播策略对语义细分的影响，并在类和域内的环境中评估它们。我们的发现表明，在课堂开发环境中，至关重要的是，对于缓冲区中不同类别的不同类别的分布至关重要，以避免对新学习的班级产生偏见。在域内营养设置中，通过从学习特征表示的分布或通过中位熵选择样品来选择缓冲液样品是最有效的。最后，我们观察到，有效的抽样方法有助于减少早期层中的表示形式的变化，这是忘记域内收入学习的主要原因。

持续深度学习的领域是一个新兴领域，已经取得了很多进步。但是，同时仅根据图像分类的任务进行了大多数方法，这在智能车辆领域无关。直到最近才提出了班级开展语义分割的方法。但是，所有这些方法都是基于某种形式的知识蒸馏。目前，尚未对基于重播的方法进行调查，这些方法通常在连续的环境中用于对象识别。同时，尽管无监督的语义分割的域适应性获得了很多吸引力，但在持续环境中有关域内收入学习的调查并未得到充分研究。因此，我们工作的目的是评估和调整已建立的解决方案，以连续对象识别语义分割任务，并为连续语义分割的任务提供基线方法和评估协议。首先，我们介绍了类和域内的分割的评估协议，并分析了选定的方法。我们表明，语义分割变化的任务的性质在减轻与图像分类相比最有效的方法中最有效。特别是，在课堂学习中，学习知识蒸馏被证明是至关重要的工具，而在域内，学习重播方法是最有效的方法。

语义细分（CISS）的课堂学习学习目前是一个经过深入研究的领域，旨在通过依次学习新的语义类别来更新语义分割模型。 CISS中的一个主要挑战是克服灾难性遗忘的影响，这描述了在模型接受新的一组课程培训之后，先前学习的类的准确性突然下降。尽管在减轻灾难性遗忘方面取得了最新进展，但在CISS中特别遗忘的根本原因尚未得到很好的理解。因此，在一组实验和代表性分析中，我们证明了背景类别的语义转移和对新类别的偏见是忘记CISS的主要原因。此外，我们表明两者都在网络的更深层分类层中表现出来，而模型的早期层没有影响。最后，我们证明了如何利用背景中包含的信息在知识蒸馏和无偏见的跨透镜损失的帮助下有效地减轻两种原因。

The release of ChatGPT, a language model capable of generating text that appears human-like and authentic, has gained significant attention beyond the research community. We expect that the convincing performance of ChatGPT incentivizes users to apply it to a variety of downstream tasks, including prompting the model to simplify their own medical reports. To investigate this phenomenon, we conducted an exploratory case study. In a questionnaire, we asked 15 radiologists to assess the quality of radiology reports simplified by ChatGPT. Most radiologists agreed that the simplified reports were factually correct, complete, and not potentially harmful to the patient. Nevertheless, instances of incorrect statements, missed key medical findings, and potentially harmful passages were reported. While further studies are needed, the initial insights of this study indicate a great potential in using large language models like ChatGPT to improve patient-centered care in radiology and other medical domains.

In recent years, several metrics have been developed for evaluating group fairness of rankings. Given that these metrics were developed with different application contexts and ranking algorithms in mind, it is not straightforward which metric to choose for a given scenario. In this paper, we perform a comprehensive comparative analysis of existing group fairness metrics developed in the context of fair ranking. By virtue of their diverse application contexts, we argue that such a comparative analysis is not straightforward. Hence, we take an axiomatic approach whereby we design a set of thirteen properties for group fairness metrics that consider different ranking settings. A metric can then be selected depending on whether it satisfies all or a subset of these properties. We apply these properties on eleven existing group fairness metrics, and through both empirical and theoretical results we demonstrate that most of these metrics only satisfy a small subset of the proposed properties. These findings highlight limitations of existing metrics, and provide insights into how to evaluate and interpret different fairness metrics in practical deployment. The proposed properties can also assist practitioners in selecting appropriate metrics for evaluating fairness in a specific application.

In recent years distributional reinforcement learning has produced many state of the art results. Increasingly sample efficient Distributional algorithms for the discrete action domain have been developed over time that vary primarily in the way they parameterize their approximations of value distributions, and how they quantify the differences between those distributions. In this work we transfer three of the most well-known and successful of those algorithms (QR-DQN, IQN and FQF) to the continuous action domain by extending two powerful actor-critic algorithms (TD3 and SAC) with distributional critics. We investigate whether the relative performance of the methods for the discrete action space translates to the continuous case. To that end we compare them empirically on the pybullet implementations of a set of continuous control tasks. Our results indicate qualitative invariance regarding the number and placement of distributional atoms in the deterministic, continuous action setting.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become commonplace to solve routine everyday tasks. Because of the exponential growth in medical imaging data volume and complexity, the workload on radiologists is steadily increasing. We project that the gap between the number of imaging exams and the number of expert radiologist readers required to cover this increase will continue to expand, consequently introducing a demand for AI-based tools that improve the efficiency with which radiologists can comfortably interpret these exams. AI has been shown to improve efficiency in medical-image generation, processing, and interpretation, and a variety of such AI models have been developed across research labs worldwide. However, very few of these, if any, find their way into routine clinical use, a discrepancy that reflects the divide between AI research and successful AI translation. To address the barrier to clinical deployment, we have formed MONAI Consortium, an open-source community which is building standards for AI deployment in healthcare institutions, and developing tools and infrastructure to facilitate their implementation. This report represents several years of weekly discussions and hands-on problem solving experience by groups of industry experts and clinicians in the MONAI Consortium. We identify barriers between AI-model development in research labs and subsequent clinical deployment and propose solutions. Our report provides guidance on processes which take an imaging AI model from development to clinical implementation in a healthcare institution. We discuss various AI integration points in a clinical Radiology workflow. We also present a taxonomy of Radiology AI use-cases. Through this report, we intend to educate the stakeholders in healthcare and AI (AI researchers, radiologists, imaging informaticists, and regulators) about cross-disciplinary challenges and possible solutions.

Heating in private households is a major contributor to the emissions generated today. Heat pumps are a promising alternative for heat generation and are a key technology in achieving our goals of the German energy transformation and to become less dependent on fossil fuels. Today, the majority of heat pumps in the field are controlled by a simple heating curve, which is a naive mapping of the current outdoor temperature to a control action. A more advanced control approach is model predictive control (MPC) which was applied in multiple research works to heat pump control. However, MPC is heavily dependent on the building model, which has several disadvantages. Motivated by this and by recent breakthroughs in the field, this work applies deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to heat pump control in a simulated environment. Through a comparison to MPC, it could be shown that it is possible to apply DRL in a model-free manner to achieve MPC-like performance. This work extends other works which have already applied DRL to building heating operation by performing an in-depth analysis of the learned control strategies and by giving a detailed comparison of the two state-of-the-art control methods.

In this paper, we present a modular methodology that combines state-of-the-art methods in (stochastic) machine learning with traditional methods in rule learning to provide efficient and scalable algorithms for the classification of vast data sets, while remaining explainable. Apart from evaluating our approach on the common large scale data sets MNIST, Fashion-MNIST and IMDB, we present novel results on explainable classifications of dental bills. The latter case study stems from an industrial collaboration with Allianz Private Krankenversicherungs-Aktiengesellschaft which is an insurance company offering diverse services in Germany.

Key Point Analysis(KPA) is a relatively new task in NLP that combines summarization and classification by extracting argumentative key points (KPs) for a topic from a collection of texts and categorizing their closeness to the different arguments. In our work, we focus on the legal domain and develop methods that identify and extract KPs from premises derived from texts of judgments. The first method is an adaptation to an existing state-of-the-art method, and the two others are new methods that we developed from scratch. We present our methods and examples of their outputs, as well a comparison between them. The full evaluation of our results is done in the matching task -- match between the generated KPs to arguments (premises).